Is Nursing A Profession - 922 Words

Nursing is a profession that allows you to make a see people at their worst, turn it around, and nurture them become their best. Their main goal is to provide care, comfort, and support to their patients and their loved ones. This job not only changes patient’s lives, but it changes the feel of the community and world around us. Globalization connects with the field of nursing in that it is constantly creating different and better opportunities to mold and strengthen the planet we inhabit. In addition, globalization stems from the idea of exchanging goods and services across vast networks, and nursing interconnects with this phenomenon by exchanging human capital and services with the world at large. I have chosen this topic because nursing is what I am majoring in at Georgia College, and I want to discuss the ways in which nurses demonstrate their care for others as part of a larger scheme of globalization in healthcare. Although nurses comprise a large sector of the global h ealth workforce, the circulation of health professionals is an ever increasing issue. Meeting demanding global health needs while address a recent global health emergency are among the few topics of interest nurses are facing in a world of emerging concerns. According to Johns Hopkins School of Nursing magazine (2010), â€Å"a global nurse knows that what happens in one part of the world affects the others.† These international leaders of global health have a hands-on agenda to further expand needs andShow MoreRelatedThe Profession Of The Nursing Profession1829 Words   |  8 PagesThe Nursing Profession A profession as defined has five distinct characteristics that separate it from a job. Those characteristic include; an extended education, a theoretical body of knowledge leading to defined skills and abilities, provision of a specific service, autonomy in decision making and practice, and a code of ethics for practice. Nursing as a profession demonstrates each of these characteristics on all levels. These characteristics are up held by nursing organizations such as ANARead MoreIs Nursing A Profession?1153 Words   |  5 Pages Is Nursing A Profession? Prentella Wilkerson University of Alabama at Birmingham Is Nursing a Profession? A pronounced dispute still stands of whether a job of a nurse can be considered a profession or an occupation. Merriam-Webster s Medical Dictionary defines a profession as a â€Å"calling requiring specialized knowledge and often long and intensive academic preparation† (Profession, 2013). Merriam-Webster s Medical Dictionary defines an occupation as â€Å"a practice preformed with financialRead MoreThe Nursing Profession1409 Words   |  6 PagesThe nursing profession is probably one of the most prominent and important sectors of health care in the United States today. According to the Institute of Medicine (2010, p. 1), the profession includes more than 3 million members. With a workforce of such size and strength, it follows that the effects of the nursing profession upon health care should be both significant, evolutionary, and highly beneficial to the population it serves. However, it has been found that a number of barriers preventRead MoreNursing as a Profession1479 Words   |  6 PagesNursing as a Profession From the dawn of time nursing has existed, in one form or another. Because healthcare varies between cultures, nurses have historically taken on many different roles: a folk healer, a healer with religious ties, and that of a servant (Ellis Hartley, 2012). Because of these various roles, some may not realize, or accept, that nursing has evolved into a much needed profession. This essay will discuss what a profession is, the criteria needed to be present in order to beRead MoreNursing Profession1208 Words   |  5 PagesGCU Accountability of Nursing Professional NRS-430 Marina Reade April 07, 2011 Accountability of Nursing Professional Every health care member is accountable to their Profession ,Public ,Self,Clients,and health care agency.Accountability means they are able to explain the reasons behind their actions. Accountability facilitates self assessment and assume ownership of job role. Porter-O’Grady Malloch(2007) replaced respnsibility with accountability. The word ‘ Responsible ‘Read MoreNursing Professionalism And The Profession Of Nursing1308 Words   |  6 Pages Nursing, at its inception, was a service provided mostly by women. Far from a profession, it was considered a vocation; often a mere extension of the wife/mother role. Nurses were perceived as servants to the physicians with little power or ability to function independently. The predominant male presence in medicine, lack of formal education offered to nurses, and the subservient nature of the work significantly hindered its professionalization. Over time, as educational standards were createdRead MoreNursing as a Profession Essay1020 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Nursing as a Profession Lisa Renfrow Oklahoma Wesleyan University Nursing as a Profession The question of whether the practice of nursing is considered a profession or an occupation is an ongoing debate, much like the ongoing debate over what defines a profession. Several scholars have outlined criteria for considering an occupation to be a profession. Given a list of scholars and their criteria for what characteristics define a profession, I have chosen the listRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Nursing Profession962 Words   |  4 PagesIn the nursing profession it is important to stay up to date on current happenings in the field. The healthcare profession is fast paced and constantly changing so it is important to stay educated on those changes. Luckily there are many journals, websites, and social media pages that do just that. Since the healthcare field is so fact based it is important that sources of information are trustworthy, reviewed, and factual. Also referred to in the writing world as authoritative. One authoritativeRead MoreThe Perception Of The Nursing Pr ofession944 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscipline, the nursing profession has evolved over time. Nurses, once regarded as housemaids and lower class citizens, now hold positions of authority and stature in our modern society. These changes in the profession are attributed to the many nurse theorists who devoted their lives to the improvement of patient care. Through their theoretical advancements, the public perception of nursing has gone from dismissive to reverential. Today, our culture considers the nursing profession to be one of theRead MoreBullying At The Nursing Profession845 Words   |  4 Pages Bullying in the Nursing Profession Carli Jessop Flathead Valley Community College Bullying is a term that many associate with children and while this has been recognized as a serious issue in schools across the country, such conduct unfortunately does not stop there. It has been said that nurses eat their young and while this may sound particularly extreme, bullying as well as lateral and vertical violence in the nursing profession has been an ongoing and increasingly prevalent issue

Core Peripheries Free Essays

Economic value will shift to the ends of the networks, as a result of the decoupling of intelligence in a network. Subsequently, companies have realized that they need to change their focus to the core – the back-end intelligence that is farthest away from the user – and the periphery – the front-end intelligence that is closest to the user. This separation of value to the ends has thus created an opportunity for organizations to optimize their business functions around the ends. We will write a custom essay sample on Core Peripheries or any similar topic only for you Order Now Common Infrastructure As in the case of the PC at work, there was a clash between what the users wanted: easy-to-use, portable, and flexible at the front-end; powerful and reliable at the back-end. In trying to provide both requirements some necessary design compromises had to be made previously. However, with the decoupling of intelligence in networks the two ends could be separated and a common infrastructure provided at the back-end, in the form of one server in the IT Department of the office, while the front-end intelligence could be made without compromise as specialized machines. Similarly, disparate elements within the company can be combined to form shared infrastructures that are more cost-effective in their specialization. Modularity The mobilization of intelligence is another pattern that has resulted in a trend that has shifted economic value in the network. Sawhney and Parikh (2001) have discovered that the importance of plug-and-play has been established by the subsequent modularity of devices, softwares, and processes into self-contained modules that can be assimilated into a new value chain as needed. Sharing of capabilities is more important in this regard, than safeguarding of proprietary assets. Orchestration With increased modularity, it has become more and more economically valuable for there to be companies and managers that are able to coordinate, organize, and connect the different modules into new value chains. HP and Cisco are such examples of companies that are seeking to become the intelligent hubs to coordinate their various stakeholders, and are thus reaping the lion’s share of the value in their respective networks. Conclusion In the words of Sawhney and Parikh (2010, p. 79): â€Å"By learning to recognize two simple patterns in the evolution of networks, you may be able to turn chaos into opportunity. † It is the intelligence of the network, more specifically its location and mobility as established by the recent advancements in technology that determines the way that companies organize disparate pieces of information, products, people, and the market, and consequently, how to maximize the inherent value. References Sawhney, M. Parikh, D. (2001). Where Value Lives in a Networked World. Harvard Business Review, 79, p79-86. Retrieved May 02, 2010, from Harvard Business Review. How to cite Core Peripheries, Papers

Recommendation For Recycling Water in Florida Essay Example For Students

Recommendation For Recycling Water in Florida Essay Prepared for: Tom Petty, Chairman Of The Board Department Of Environmental Regulation Board by: Environmental Specialist, Pasco County Florida November 29, 1996 Contents Abstract.. .2 Executive Summary.. .3 Introduction.. 4 Methods .4 Results.. ..5 Basic background information on water reuse in Florid5 Reclaiming Waste Water in Florida Uses for reclaimed or reused water. 7 Conclusions 7 Recommendations ..7 References. 7 Abstract Recommendation for Recycling Water in a Florida Pilot Plant The water shortage problem has affected all of us in one way or another. Either through the mandatory restrictions or the increased price of water, or even the ever increasing occurrence of sinkholes, the evidence of a water shortage is everywhere. Since we need water to survive, and there are no alternatives to support life on this planet, we must find a way to keep up with our ever increasing water demand. This report presents the water shortage problem that is occurring in Florida. This report will familiarize you with the problem and explain the other uses currently being employed in Florida. This report also explains the procedure, as well as a recommendation including the site and costs involved, along with a short background on the proposed procedure. I recommend that the recycled project be funded and allow the pilot plant to meet the ever increasing demand for water in Florida. Executive Summary The water shortage problem effects us all in one way or another. Either through the mandatory restrictions or the increased price of water, or even the ever increasing occurrence of sinkholes, the evidence of a water shortage is everywhere. Since we need water to survive, and there are no alternatives to support life on this planet, we must find a way to keep up with our expanding water demand. I feel that the only viable option is to recycle the water we are using. By recycling the water, we will be able to drop the price and stop the sinkholes from occurring and ease the mandatory restrictions placed upon us by the water shortage. The research that was completed and all the information I gathered showed that a price of $50,000 would cover all the expenses needed to set up a pilot plant, including the labor which will be done in-house. The $50,000 required will be recovered in less then a years time, and since it will also satisfy the voracious appetite for water, I feel it is a viable option. The plant could be operational in 3 months upon approval of the funds. I feel this option is both economically and environmentally feasible and would like to get started as soon as possible. Introduction Water, our most precious resource, is becoming in short demand. With water use increasing every day here in Florida, will there be enough water for everybody? We live in a state where people are migrating into every day, due to the desirable climate and recreation options. With this influx increasing at an alarming rate, where will we get the water to supply the demand? Clearly, at the present rate of use the water table is decreasing. As we see more and more sinkholes, due to the overpumping of the water table, we realize another alternative must be developed. This completion report will update you on the progress of the option of recycling the water in our Pasco County test plant, at the Moon Lake plant. Theorectical Bases For Counseling Essay We use water every day and in many ways. We use water to take a shower, brush our teeth, water our lawns, wash our laundry and cars or just simply to support our very existence. Clearly we cannot do without water, and there simply is not enough to go around. One alternative is to recycle the water. We already treat our waste water with processes that result in a water 99.5% pure. If this water was to be sent to a water treatment plant to be processed along with the water already being processed, there would be plenty of water available. This water could be used as potable water, for drinking or cooking, or for laundry or irrigation. The reclaimed water could be reinjected (deep well injection) into the aquifer to offset the amount being pumped every day. Enclosed is a flow chart through a waste water and water plant already in use. There is little or no modification required to accomplish recycling of water. Once the water completes the treatment at the waste water facility, it would be rerouted to the head, or beginning of the water treatment plant. As of this point in time, we have completed a flow chart designed for your plant and a brief estimate of .

The Korean War Essays (1304 words) - , Term Papers

The Korean War A cry rang out, June 24, 1950, from a small country half way around the world and America listened. Korea was engaged in a civil war as an attempt to keep North Korea from thrusting its influence on South Korea. Communist Russia and China were strong supporters of the North, and to keep Communism contained the United States sent troops to the South. Our troops spent years fighting and dying for a country some had never heard of. The irony of this war is that no one really paid attention and its memory withered as well as the memory of the men who fought there. You may ask how this could've happened or how it all came about, and ,yes, there is an answer it just may be a little difficult to explain. Korea's geographical realties affected the conduct of war at the strategic, the operational, and the tactical level. It's strategic location made it a collision point for competing interests of major power throughout the world. As far as the actual land mass, Korea is a country no larger than the state of Kansas. All together, North and South Korea covers an area of 85,246 square miles, and only fifteen percent of that can be considered plains - these are mostly in the southern coastal regions. The United States could not allow its interests in East Asia, particularly Japan, to be placed in jeopardy. It was not the nation of Korea per se but its geographical location that prompted America to intervene in the war. (Sommers, 3-10) The United Nations was greatly concerned with the war in Korea, but it did not have a army to send. Thus, the United States Army made up four fifths of the actual forces sent to Korea. The bulk of the forces sent were placed under the command of General MacArthur. One of the first attempts to drive the North Koreans back was a wise plan divised by MacArthur. He landed his forces from the sea at Inchon and worked his way up the coast. His gamble paid off when his army retook the South Korean capital of Seoul. After this victory the United States questioned whether they should stop at the 38th parallel or go beyond it and try to recapture North Korea. They decided to go on. After the 38th was crossed putting the US and South Korean forces in the North , China threatened to send troops in to defend North Korea. After many deliberations the United States decided to continue on. As they said they would, China stepped into the war and drove the Southerners back sixty miles below the 38th parallel, recapturing Seoul. (Boorstin and kelley, 723-726) The war was a stalemate. No one side could get the upper hand. Some people questioned whether this would evolve into World War III. Peace negotiations seemed hopeless because the North refused to compromise and so they closed the negotiations. The United States had no choice but to use their last alternative. They threatened to bomb China and to use atomic bombs on Korea. These threats reopened the peace negotiations. Three years, one month, and two days later the war ended. Cease-fire came at 10:00 P.M., and an armistice was signed by North Korea and the United Nations on July 27, 1953. (Boorstin and Kelley, 723-726) The Korean War was the first American war ever waged that was not fought for national survival, for territory, for Manifest Destiny, or for hegemony. This was also an ideological war. For the first time in the nations history Americans were asked to fight and die to contain an idea. The Korea War ended in an ambiguous victory, that was purchased dearly. The United States spent sixty-seven billion dollars on this one war. With that amount of money we could have traveled to the moon and back two and a half times. (At the cost of our first excursion to the moon.) They war was also purchased with the blood of millions. Soldiers and civilians alike on both sides of the battle gave their lives for what they believed in and some had no idea what was going on until it was too late.

Electric Power Industry Deregulation Essays - Free Essays

Electric Power Industry Deregulation Essays - Free Essays Electric Power Industry Deregulation The roots of modern day regulation can be traced all the way back to the late 1800's and found in the form of antitrust. By the beginning of the 20th century, the U.S. government had formed the interstate Commerce Commission to regulate the railroad industry, and shortly thereafter, many other regulatory commissions were founded in the transportation, communication, and securities fields. The main goal of these regulatory commissions was to create a reasonable rate structure that would be appealing to both producers and consumers. While this system has worked for many years, it has recently come under heavy criticism, with many people pushing for open competition among electric power producers. Although once believed to be an impossible proposal, competition among electric power producers is finally a reality in a few areas. Massachusetts is just one state where legislation implemented to create competition among electric power producers is not only favored by the people of the state , but has also provided significant rate reductions as well. The attempt at regulating price in the electric industry is a troublesome one. The objective is not only to minimize the cost to consumers, but also to create a rate structure that will entice the electric company to remain in the industry. The regulatory commission wants the electric company to have a reason to innovate so that they will be able to provide cheaper power in the future. However, if the commission captures all gains from innovation in the form of lower prices, then the electric company has no incentive to undertake any type of innovation. Therefore, a compromise must be reached which would provide adequate incentives for firms to undertake cost-reducing actions while at the same time ensuring that the price for consumers is not exorbitant. The term regulation refers to government controlled restrictions on firm decisions over price, quantity, and entry and exit. Each factor of an industry must be regulated for producers and consumers to truly benefit. The control of price does not mean setting one fixed price, but rather entails the creation of a price structure for purchasing electricity during peak and non-peak times. The control of quantity refers to the government's attempt to control the amount produced or in this case the amount of electricity produced. For example, in the electric industry, it does not make sense to have a lot of small power plants produce electricity. However, at the same time one company can not be allowed to monopolize the industry and set prices at its own discretion. Another factor in this problem is the control of entry and exit in the electric industry. By controlling who can enter the industry, the government can control who produces the electricity and how much of it they produce. Howev er, the effectiveness of regulation has begun to be questioned, and created the evolution of a more competitive market. Ever since the Public Utility Act of 1935, which in turn created the Federal Power Commission, the role of electric utility regulation and its effectiveness has been questioned. Since that act was passed into legislation, the question has always remained: has electric regulation made a difference? Major studies done throughout the 20th century found conflicting results. A study published in 1962 and conducted by Stigler and Friedland compared the price of electricity in states with regulation to the price in states without regulation. However, at the time all states had electric regulation, so Stigler and Friedland had to go back to the 1920's and 1930's to find states without regulation. Their finding was as expected. In 1922, the average price of electricity was 2.44 cents per kilowatt-hour in states with regulation. However, in states without regulation, the average price increased to 3.87 cents per kilowatt-hour. While many would say that prices could vary for reasons other than regulation, Stigler and Friedland controlled the analysis of other variables and found that no significant difference in price existed. Other critics felt that this study was done in a time when regulation was just getting started, and that regulators in the present day are more effective. Two other studies which found different results were those conducted by Meyer and Leland and another done by Greene and

Corrosive Definition - Glossary of Chemistry Terms

Corrosive Definition - Glossary of Chemistry Terms Corrosive refers to  a substance that has the power to cause irreversible damage or destroy another substance by contact. A corrosive substance may attack a wide variety of materials, but the term is usually applied to chemicals that can cause chemical burns upon contact with living tissue. A corrosive substance may be a solid, liquid, or gas. The term corrosive comes from the Latin verb corrodere, which means to gnaw. At low concentrations, corrosive chemicals are typically irritants. The hazard symbol used to identify either a chemical capable of metal corrosion or skin corrosion shows a chemical poured onto a material and a hand, eating into the surface. Also Known As: Corrosive chemicals may also be referred to as caustic, although the term caustic usually applies to strong bases and not acids or oxidizers. Key Takeaways: Corrosive Definition A corrosive substance is defined as a material capable of damaging or destroying other substances on contact via a chemical reaction.Examples of corrosive chemicals include acids, oxidizers, and bases. Specific examples include sodium hydroxide, nitric acid, and hydrogen peroxide.The international pictogram indicating a corrosive chemical shows a surface and a human hand being eaten away by a liquid dripping from a test tube. Examples of Corrosive Substances Strong acids and bases are commonly corrosive, although there are some acids (e.g., the carborane acids) that are very powerful, yet not corrosive. Weak acids and bases may be corrosive if they are concentrated. Classes of corrosive substances include: strong acids s include nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and hydrochloric acidconcentrated weak acids s include concentrated acetic acid and formic acid.strong Lewis acids s include potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, and calcium hydroxide.alkali metals s include sodium and potassium metal.dehydrating agents s include calcium oxide and phosphorus  pentoxide.strong oxidizers s include elemental fluorine and chlorine. The halide ions are not corrosive, except for fluoride.acid anhydridesorganic halides - An example is acetyl chloride.alkylating agents An example is dimethyl sulfate.certain organics - An example is phenol or carbolic acid. How Corrosion Works Usually a corrosive chemical that attacks human skin denatures proteins or performs amide hydrolysis or ester hydrolysis. Amide hydrolysis damages proteins, which contain amide bonds. Lipids contain ester bonds and are attacked by ester hydrolysis. In addition, a corrosive agent may participate in chemical reactions that dehydrate skin and/or produce heat. For example, sulfuric acid dehydrates carbohydrates in skin and releases heat, sometimes sufficient to cause a thermal burn in addition to the chemical burn. Corrosive substances that attack other materials, such as metals, may produce rapid oxidation of the surface (for example). Safe Handling of Corrosive Materials Protective gear is used for personal protection from corrosive materials. The equipment may include gloves, aprons, safety goggles, safety shoes, respirators, face shields, and acid suits. Vapors and corrosive chemicals with a high vapor pressure should be used within a ventilation hood. Its important that protective gear be made using a material with high chemical resistance to the corrosive chemical of interest. There is no single protective material that protects against all corrosive substances! For example, rubber gloves may be fine for one chemical, yet be corroded by another. The same is true of nitrile, neoprene, and butyl rubber. Uses of Corrosive Materials Corrosive chemicals often make good cleaners. Because they tend to be highly reactive, corrosives may be used in catalytic reactions or as reactive intermediates in the chemical industry. Corrosive Versus Caustic or Irritant The term caustic is often considered synonymous with corrosive. However, only strong bases should be referred to as caustic. Examples of caustic chemicals include sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. A dilute corrosive chemical acts as an irritant. However, at higher concentrations, corrosive chemicals produce a chemical burn. While corrosive chemicals may be poisonous, the two characteristics are separate. A poison is a substance with a systemic toxic effect. Poisons may take some time to act. In contrast, a corrosive substance causes an immediate effect on tissue or a surface.

Event Leadership Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Event Leadership - Research Paper Example The role of the event producer is a major one and usually inter-links with the event manager. In an event management company the role of the event producer is a representative who is the lead producer of the event who evaluates the supplies, vendors, number of staffs and subcontractors who will work on the event. Together they become the production team (Matthews 2007). Event manager: The event manager has an overlapping role of administration, coordination, marketing, and managing legal, risks or ethical issues. The event manager either supports or is the same as the event producer. He has similar responsibilities in the production of the special event depending on the width and breadth of the event (Goldblatt 2004). Administrating contractor: This is the person or organization responsible for recruiting the staffs necessary for carrying out the tasks during the event. The event producer sometimes take on the task of hiring, training, and firing of personnel involved in the team but is not directly responsible for contracting them. The event producer pays for them and even provides the technical expertise to effectively coordinate the activities but the staffs remain under the supervision of the contractor. Directors: These individuals are those who are the stakeholders such as the financiers, organizations, individuals or officials who are paying for the event. They usually have direct influence over the flow of the event, its successful production and its completion. They are in essence the "boss". Legal representatives: Sometimes the nature of the event requires intervention from public organizations which are external to the event such as the government, police department, fire brigade department and officials. To ensure that the event complies with local policies and procedures, state, provincial or federal laws, legal representatives may be recruited to guide the event producer in this arena (Goldblatt

How has Denmark influenced European policymaking in Environmental Research Paper

How has Denmark influenced European policymaking in Environmental Policy How has Denmark, in turn, been influenced by the Europ - Research Paper Example In 2009, Denmark hosted the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen under the 15th Conference of Parties (COP 15) to address the issues of global climatic change, and how this dire problem could be resolved (Denmark 2010). In similar manner, Denmark also gains a lot from several environmental policies and regulations designed and promoted by the European Union Commission as described below (European Commission 2010). 2 Denmark has been popularly regarded as an environmentally friendly society where people and Government pay serious attention to the principle of environmental protection. The Danish Government has many great environmental policies and practices that are effective and exported to other European countries for similar applications or implementations. Some of these environmentally friendly programs include but are not restricted to the following policies: (i) The Development of Industry-environment Policy:- Denmark shows the other European countries that it is possible to establish a commission that would oversee the relationship between governmental environmental agencies and the industry in a country with the hope to forming a cooperation between the two parties for the purpose of preserving the environment. What the Danish Government did in this case was to set up an investigation on how much pollution the industries caused in the country. After a thorough investigation, it was discovered that Danish industry was solely responsible for the hike in the rate of pollution. To combat this problem, the Danish Government established Pollution Ministry, which specifically makes recommendations for environmental laws, policies and regulations. This approach is effective in stemming the degradation of the environment in the sense that Danish industries are expected to give account 3 of their activities regularly to the agencies under this Ministry with the intention of solving the pollution problems completely (Wallace 26). This policy has b een reportedly copied in other European nations where pollution had become a serious socio-economic problem. It is also Denmark’s hope that this policy will be adopted by almost all European Union countries so as to establish a well-rounded environmental policy that would help Europe Union to control the extent of pollution in the sub-region. Pollution has many far-reaching implications: some of them include causing health hazards, the destruction of farmland produce and making air unfit for breathing. (ii) Creation of Ecocities:- Denmark is one of the countries in the European Union that initiated the policy of establishing Ecocities where governmental laws and regulations about environmental protection are strictly implemented or practiced in order to study the impact of such policies over a period of time (Denmark 2010). What the administrators of Ecocities do is to make sure that the natural resources are consumed appropriately, energy usage should be moderate and the fos sil-fuel sources of energy should be minimized. Water is the main natural resource that is expected to be used wisely in Ecocities. Also, there are programs that aim at creating avenues for people to go â€Å"green†, that is, adopting lifestyles that pay attention to the use 4 of energy-saving alternatives (Denmark 2010). Doing this, Denmark has encouraged other EU countries to take up the challenge of establishing similar Ecocities in their areas. Ecocities are projected to reduce the amount of

Marcel Duchamps and Andy Warhol Essay Example for Free

Marcel Duchamps and Andy Warhol Essay

Free Essays - The Catcher In The Rye :: Catcher Rye Essays

Catcher In The Rye      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Catcher in the Rye, starts off with the main character, Holden Caulfield being expelled from school once again.   Holden is a sixteen year old boy who has been expelled on numerous occasions from other schools.   This time he is being expelled from Pency Prep.   Before Holden goes home to his parents, he plans to spend a few days in New York.   His parents do not know of the expulsion, so he spends the weekend in a hotel.   Holden is a pretty strange kid who can always find a way to get himself into trouble.   Holden constantly talks about how he hates phony people and phony words.   He complains of how the head master Thurman of Pency Prep is a phony person.   Holden says he is the kind of guy who will treat you bad, but will act polite and nice to your parents when they visit.   Holden basically decides that almost everyone he meets in his life is a phony.   He even gets disgusted with the advertisement for Pency Prep.   The picture of the horse jumping over a fence is a false image in his opinion.   He says that he has never even seen a horse on the campus.   Holden is also very curious.   Of all things, he wonders where the ducks go when the pond freezes over in the park.   He loves his red hunting cap that he bought for a dollar. The cap serves as his way to be an individual.   Stradtler is his roommate and they are fairly good friends.   Stradtler is two years older than him so he is always going out on dates and has to listen to Holden question him.   One time Stradtler goes out with one of Holden$BCT(J long time friends, Jane Gallagher, and he has to listen to an earful from Holden.   Ackley is Holden$BCT(J neighbor and they are all right friends.   Ackley is the kind of guy though who can get on anybody$BCT(J nerves in a heart beat.   Ackley and Stradtler despise of each other and rarely talk.   Ackley is very nosy and Holden does not understand why he puts up with Ackley$BCT(J nonsense.   Holden has a dead brother Allie, an older brother D.B., who is a writer, and a younger sister

Waging War: The Iraq War and its implications

The United States of America has always viewed itself as a â€Å"Big Brother† responsible for protecting others and helping them is desperate times. This may prove to be a Good Samaritan act. However, at times, circumstances warrant that things be done according to what is just.   George Bernard Shaw once said that the reasonable man adapts himself to the world but the unreasonable one persists in trying to adapt the world to himself that as a result, all progress depends on the unreasonable man. In the course of history, this appears to be the truth (Young, 1995). World Politics determine the relationship that exists among states today.   Even the course of history is greatly affected by decisions pertaining to politics and international law. It has become a determining factor in assessing the harmonious relationship between and among states, recognizing equality, sovereignty and respect for power and authority (Jensen, 1982). Quite noticeable is how, historically, States to what the United States has dictated. Political camaraderie has always been far more important than plain public service to subordinates and constituents. The Iraq War has magnified all the necessary details of unjust practice of desire for political advancement and world dominance (Graham 2000). This paper seeks to discuss how the Iraq war has not served its purpose at all, making it being unjustified all the more understandable. The premise on Iraq war lies on the misery experience by the people. President George W. Bush has aggressively pointed out that the threat of weapons of mass destruction such as chemicals and biological weapons, contribute to the misery of Iraq. This is because of the fact that sanctions in connection with this threat has added significantly to the poor living conditions of Iraqi people when it comes to the exercise of their freedom. President Bush labelled Saddam as a Madman in control of a very dangerous weapon and capable of spreading terror and strife. This argument has reached far and wide, magnifying the unjustified conditions of Iraqis under the leadership of Saddam Hussein.   This is evident on the fact that for almost 25 million inhabitants of Iraq, the per capita income is becoming less and less compared to five or six years ago. Its economy shrank to more than six percent and among its major problems are mortality, malnutrition and poverty. The life of the Iraqis on a daily basis has been tremendously difficult, far worse than its situation a decade ago.   This is the main reason on which President Bush has hoped to bank on when convincing others to join in the United States’ plight to wage war against Iraq. Now that everything has been done and over with, has it been a justifiable cause? The answer is a resounding NO. Primarily because the condition of Iraq has not improved after such war waged against it. More significant is the fact that mortality rates have increased, hurting more American troops and Iraqis in the process. Terrorism has not decreased but all the more became rampant. Another argument is the catching of a â€Å"madman† on the loose. Saddam Hussein has been captured and his demise has not changed anything. Terrorism still exists, and his avid followers continue to flourish long after he is gone. The end result—- misery and struggle among the people. The war on Iraq is nothing but a political move to help sustain American economy, which is practically a war economy. The fact that waging war would solicit support from other countries means that America would once again flourish in the eyes of so many people thinking that the â€Å"saviour† is here again. But come to think of it, has anything resulted from such war? Aside from achieving President Bush’ goal of seeing Saddam in his demise, nothing else has been considered a productive result. The claim of existence of weapons of mass destruction has been proven futile. No proof f such claim has been produced. In effect, what could be concluded is the fact that the United States has took advantage of the terrorism issue, magnified it and pointed it directly on Iraq, so that people all over the world will sympathize and unite with them in removing Saddam and waging war. Presently, what we have is an Iraq with a civilian government, a more â€Å"free† society but at the end of it all still looms the fact that people are suffering, having lost the identity of a country invaded by foreign entities. The war on Iraq was based on less compelling reasons. At the expense of the people, President Bush has been successful in removing Saddam, but has he been successful enough in making true his promise that suffering and poverty will be addressed and given proper solution? NO. Years have already passed since the war, nut no improvement has been evident. The plight of the Iraqis now is far worse than when they had a dictator for a government. REFERENCES Jensen, Lloyd. Explaining Foreign Policy. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1982. Ray, James Lee. Democracies and International Conflict. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1995. Greenstein, Fred. Personality and Politics .Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1987. Neustadt, Richard. Presidential Power. New York: Wiley, 1976. Graham, Allison. Essence of Decision. Boston: Little Brown, 2000. Baumgartner, Frank. Agendas and Instability in American Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993. Young, Oran. System and Society in World Affairs: Implications for International Organizations. New York: Mc Millan 1995.   

The similarities or and differences of studying in private university and government university Essay

?The similarities or and differences of studying in private university and government university A university is an institution of higher education and research which grants academic degrees in a variety of subjects. A university is a corporation that provides both undergraduate education and postgraduate education. Actually, University was divided into two which are state university and private university. Public or state universities operate in whole or in part on state or federal funds. This means all students regardless of race, religion and gender. Conversely, private institutions may make exemptions, such as women-only campuses, or men-only, and religious schools. There are similarity and contrast of state university and the private university; the similarity of state university and private university is both universities require the student to have a bachelor’s degree but both of them also have differences which are the cost for student, the program available and the standard score for student’s success. The first similarity of state university and private university is both universities require the student to have a bachelor’s degree. Actually, a bachelor’s degree is the first degree a student can receive in his or her academic career, with the exception of the associate’s degree. The bachelor’s degree is sometimes awarded after learning an associate’s degree, though it is often the first degree that is gotten. Whether or not an associate’s degree can be gotten first depends upon the area of study. Both of the universities have the same standard to get bachelor degree. Not only that, state university and private university also have the differences which are the cost that must be paid by the student, the program available and the standard of scoring for student success. The first difference is the cost that must be paid by students. Many people assume a public college is cheaper than a private college because of tuition fees are reduced for state residents. But the posted â€Å"sticker price† of a private college is rarely the real price. If a private college strongly appeals to you, consider waiting for its financial aid offer before making a final decision. More often than not, private colleges offer the scholarships and grants that significantly cut your actual cost, even bringing it close to the cost of a public college. Public college cost gets trickier for out-of-state students. Public colleges are largely supported by state taxes. This means that put-of-state students. Whose families have not paid these taxes; usually owe higher tuition than in-state students. Paying out-of-state tuition often put the cost on a par with the cost of private colleges. The second difference is programs availability. Many private universities do not offer as wide a range of classes and major options as public schools do. If you are looking for a specific major, it will often be harder to find a private school that offers that option and once you do find that university, it may be out of state and therefore out of budget. On the other hand, large public universities are often able to offer a wider range of subjects for you to study as well as more teachers to cover them. And the last difference is the standard of scoring for students test. Actually, both universities are not the same in scoring for student’s success. For example, the students are learning the same material and taking the same tests, they are getting the different score because the both of the universities have different grade of the test. Actually, what really differs between the two universities is the school atmosphere in which the student learns the material. The students result formed through their school experiences are usually dramatically different. Based on this explanation above, state university and private university have several similarities and differences. The similarity is both universities require the student to have a bachelor’s degree. And the differences from both of them are the cost for student, the programs available and the standard score for student success. In my conclusion, the effect from the several similarities and differences are to help the students to decrease their problems and to make their learning process joyful. For recommendation, this explanation is about choice and initiative on the parts of the students and the lectures.

Science Research Paper

Science Research Paper For years consciousness was not researched in the scientific community. The scientific community is very objective and saw the internal mental processes of consciousness as being too subjective to study. Just recently, scientists, philosophers, and psychologists have been rejecting the idea than consciousness is too hard to study and have been attempting to try to understand its true meaning. Consciousness is one of many mysteries in the scientific world that social scientists and neuroscientists presently can’t agree on. Consciousness has been at the center of many discussions in articles and books involving neuroscientists and psychologists. They have been debating over what field will constitute consciousness, psychology or neuroscience. Neuroscience is considered a â€Å"hard science† and Psychology is considered a â€Å"social science.† What do I mean by â€Å"hard science† and â€Å"social science?† A hard science is a science that is completely objective in its research and doesn’t speculate or determine the subjectivity of the area in which it is studying. A social science is a science that deals with the subjectivity of an area of study. Psychology is the science of the human soul. It is the scientific knowledge of the activities and functions of the human soul relating to the brain and consciousness experience. It is concerned with the facts and is objective to a point, but tends to speculate more than a hard science and also develops theories that are not necessarily able to be proven true. Because Psychology uses theories to tie the physical aspects to the psychological ones, it will have a greater role in the near future in explaining the mysteries of consciousness. What is consciousness? Many have tried to define consciousness but none presently have developed a definition that is acceptable to all scientists. Francis Crick, a Professor at Salk Institute for Biological Studies in San Diego, defines consciousness as, â€Å"attention and short term memory† (99). The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language defines consciousness as â€Å"immediate knowledge or perception of the presence of any object, state, or sensation or a special awareness or sensitivity.† (174). The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language has a more vivid definition of consciousness but neither fully explain all the elements involved in consciousness. Supporters of neuroscience believe that the mystery of consciousness can be solved using technology, and there is no need for social scientists to speculate over why the brain functions in the way it does. They believe in the future they will have the technology to understand all the functi ons of the brain. Psychologists on the other hand believe that technology can’t possibly answer the questions concerning how the brain interprets the things we perceive and what gives rise to subjective experience. David J. Chalmers, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Arizona, categorizes the questions in consciousness into two types of categories. The â€Å"hard problems† and the â€Å"easy problems† (98). The â€Å"easy problems† are concerned with interpreting how the brain’s functions work. They are very objective questions and will probably be answered by neuroscience in the future. An example of an â€Å"easy problem† would be, how do different neurons in different sectors come together at a precise moment and form a picture in our brain? The â€Å"hard problems† deal with the â€Å"why† questions. They ask how the brain’s processes work to bring us a subjective experience. An example of a hard problem would be, why do we b ecome sad when a certain song is played? Other hard problems are how our eyes perceive things and why these neural pathways are connected to the brain. These questions are all questions that cannot possibly be explained by neuroscience, they may however be able to be explained by theories developed by psychologists. So far only the â€Å"easy questions† about consciousness have been addressed by scientists and neuroscientists, and there hasn’t been a theory devised by either neuroscientists or psychologists completely explaining what consciousness is. David J. Chalmers classifies the views of consciousness into two groups, mysterianism and reductionism (97). The reductionists believe that one day consciousness will be fully explained by the methods used only by the hard sciences. There are two key figures in the area of neuroscience that are considered reductionists. Francis Crick of the Salk Institute of Biological Studies in San Diego and Christof Koch of the California Institute of Technology, propose that â€Å"consciousness comes from certain oscillations in the cerebral cortex that fire neurons that are precisely synchronized with different parts of the brain† (99). In this way two pieces of information in the brain come together to make a whole picture. This hypothesis might in time answer one of the easy questions of consciousness but it doesn’t answer the hard question of why these oscillations give us a conscious experience. This explanation of consciousness and many others like it explain how the functions of the brain carry out functions but don’t touch on why the performance of these functions accompany a conscious experience. David J. Chalmers describes mysterians as â€Å"believing that consciousness will never be explained by either psychology or neuroscience† (97). He believes consciousness is very difficult to understand fully, but in time may be resolved by a new theory from the Psychological world. Such a theory would have to envelop physical laws that tell us about behavior in the physical systems of the brain. The new theory would also have to encompass psychological laws that tell us how those systems are associated with conscious experiences. If these two components are combined they will explain all there is to know about consciousness. This theory will not be conclusively testable because there will be a lot of speculation involved, but if the theory coincides with the data gathered from the physical research in experiments done, then it will be considered a good theory. Consciousness will always be a mystery to the â€Å"hard sciencesâ€Å" and the â€Å"social sciences.† Technology will not advance enough to fully explain consciousness in the near future. It will take a huge breakthrough in neuroscience to even begin to explain all the elements that give rise to a conscious experience. The only way consciousness will be explained presently is by a psychological theory that can tie physical aspects into psychological aspects. To accomplish this, one must do some speculation, and if one has to speculate, his theory will not be acceptable to the hard sciences because it isn’t backed by hard facts. There is no plausible way neuroscience can explain all the elements related to consciousness because its technological resources are so limited. Psychology can theorize about why the brain’s functions operate the way they do, but they will ultimately have no way of proving their theories. Both areas of science have their weaknesses, bu t psychology is much closer to explaining the â€Å"why† questions about consciousness than is neuroscience. Neither Neuroscience nor psychology may ever understand consciousness, but psychology is our best bet in our quest to understand the functions of the brain that make us aware, or conscious.

Attractiveness Of The Hotel In The Industry Tourism Essay

Attractiveness Of The Hotel In The Industry Tourism Essay The process of conducting research on the business environment within which the organization operates and on the organization itself, in order to formulate and implementation of strategy for future business operations can be mentioned as Strategic analysis of hospitality organization. To do the assessment can use number of tools to process of strategic analysis, including PEST (sometimes PESTLE) for analyze external environment and, SWOT analysis use for the internal environmental scanning, and Michael Porter’s five forces model use to assists to understand the competitive forces, the attractiveness and current position in the industry. An effective way to know the past, present and future potentials regarding the industry development is analyzing the industry background as the part of strategic analysis. The External analysis can assess the factors affecting the industry to be existed including political, economical, social, technological, legal and environmental which have great impacts to run the business and use PESTLE analysis. In any industry which it is domestic or international, whether relating to products or services, the rules of competition are personified in five competitive forces of entry of new competitors, threat of substitutes, bargaining power of buyers, bargaining power of suppliers, and rivalry among the existing competitors. According to Porter, one of the crucial determinants of firm profitability is industrial attractiveness. In this assignment, a strategic analysis of the Galadhari hotel which is in hospitality industry has been done through the combination of both theoretical and practical facts regarding this property including organizational background and industry background of this hospitality sector in Sri Lanka, an assessment of the forces affecting the external environment (the use of PESTLE analysis) and an assessment of the attractiveness of this industry (the use of Porter’s 5 forces) regarding the future strat egic action to grab more hospitality market share. Background of the industry and about Organization By concerning about the Sri Lankan market of tourism there can be seen growth in the tourist market. All this euphoria gives rise to the doubt about whether Sri Lanka Tourism is well on the way to recovery and growth or not. For the last seven months that ended July this year (2010), arrivals are up almost 50% year-on-year (YOY) (341,991), with income also keeping pace at 69% growth (Quarter 2; US$ 244.5 million). The hotel and travel Colombo Stock Exchange (CSE) index has been increased by almost 200% for 2009. Today tourism is running on everyone’s minds, and it is difficult to open a local newspaper without seeing at least one written article on tourism. The reason for the dramatic improvement in Sri Lanka’s tourism data is the victory of war in May 2009. This would be a remarkable result when compared with other regional tourism destinations. Another reason for this improvement was the leader of the terrorist has killed and there is reason for cautious optimism that the social situation in Sri Lanka can improve rapidly. We can hope the company can take advantage of the ‘peace dividend’ by increasing the number of destinations the airline serves. Hotel Galadhari is one of the leading five star luxury hotels in the Sri Lanka. The story of the Galadari Hotel, Colombo which opened its doors in 1984, is a splendid tale of continual improvement of product and highest standard of quality in hospitality over the past 25 years.

The Power of Positive Thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Power of Positive Thinking - Essay Example When a thought feels comfortable in people’s minds, it stimulates the development of neural pathways that turn out to be extremely resilient to transition (Quilliam 21). Over time, people’s routines of thought can turn out to be so profoundly entrenched that they are conscious of how they are nourishing their minds. Notably, how an individual perceives a glass as half full or half empty reflects on his or her general viewpoint on life and themselves. A positive thinking sees the bright side of things and yields delight, health, happiness, auspicious results in life, broadens the mind, and builds skills and healthy relationships. If an individual adopts a positive mind, they train their minds to anticipate noble outcomes, growth and success. Health Benefits Researchers have continued to explore the benefits of positive thinking on people’s health. Existing research indicates that positive thinking have a myriad benefits to an individual’s health. It reduces the risks of cardiovascular diseases in spite of factors such as smoking habits, age and obesity. It also contributes to a longer lifespan, increased immunity to common cold, better adapting skills during hardships, and decreased levels of stress and depression (Mayo Clinic 1). A study carried out on college students at the begging and the end of the semester established that positive thinking is associated with low stress levels. Additionally, positive thinking lowers blood pressure and allows an individual to age gracefully. This is primarily because of reduced stress levels (Mayo Clinic 1). ii. Bringing Happiness and Healthy relationships When an individual thinks positively, he or she is surrounded by auspicious thoughts. This yields happiness, which is contagious. It makes the people that hang around an individual happy too. This also assists people shun negative thoughts and become more optimistic (Peale 32-4). On a different angle, this increases a person’s luck in love. People will accept an individual who is positive and will yield healthy and happy relationships, since they focus on the noble and favorable aspects of the other person (Quilliam 34). iii. Building skills set The benefits of positive do not just stop after feeling happy and healthy. Indeed, the most paramount benefit of positive thinking is the improved aptitude to build skills and develop resources that can be used later in life. For instance, a child who frolics, plays with colleagues and swings in branches outside develops his or her physical skills, social skills of communicating and int eracting with other people freely and creative skills of examining and exploring the world around them. In this manner, the positive feelings of play and happiness trigger the child to develop skills that are essential in daily life (Clear 1). These skills stay for a long time than the emotions that caused them. Later in life, the athletic skills obtained by the child may earn a scholarship into a college or the communications skills attained may assist him or her be a desirable and effective business manager (Byrne 27-30). The joy that prompted the exploration and generation of new capabilities is long gone in this stage, but the skills still remain. Researchers have named this phenomenon as â€Å"widen and build† because positive thoughts widens an individual’s sense of possibilities and opens his or her mind resulting to development of new skills and resources that offer value to other fields and aspects of life (Clear 1). iv. A broad sense of mind and Increased Pos sibilities When an individual thinks positively and experiences positive emotions such as joy, satisfaction and affection,

How to Minimize Costs with Effective Project Management Essay

How to Minimize Costs with Effective Project Management - Essay Example In addition, one should ensure not to put too many people in the project and do should avoid bad vendors at all cost. In addition, ensuring that the teams employed have the right skills to pursue the specified goal is also of great importance. This is because the staff does what they know best hence reducing cost and time wastage.secondly, any staff member who meets the desirable goal should be rewarded to motivate them and to encourage the others to do their best, thirdly, should value the contributions of in members’ dimensions to ensure that they are left out. In addition to this, appointing of a qualified project manager to deal with should be in the forefront to ensure that the project remains on the right course to attain. In conclusion, all the contributions of every employee should be valued in all dimensions to avoid favoring some, which leads to low productivity. This is to mean that each individual should be given credit according to what he does

Skoda Business Strategy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Skoda Business Strategy - Case Study Example The market picked up and so did profits. For the first time in Skoda history, the company had a wait list of customers in UK. The company registered continuing and ongoing growth in profits for the fifth year in a row. The Auto industry in the world has been going through an excessive change in performance and growth. In the last decade, the rise of China and Asia as manufacturing hubs changed the course of the auto industry in the world. The market in China and India, seem to be picking up and the Chinese market which has only 2% of its population holding four wheelers is already the size of the Japanese market. This makes it an highly probable growth market in the future (Jianxi Luo 2005). With many of the European and American car manufacturers finding their market dwindling and having surplus capacities have been reducing their manpower. They need to look at fresh and growing markets like that of China and Asia. With only a few players controlling the car market of the world, players like Skoda who has been gaining ground in Europe and in Asia need to be watched. The rising market for Skoda and the increasing profitability of the company makes it a company worthy of analysis (Tulder RV & Ruigr ok W Jun1997). Beating some of the seeded players in the European market is no easy task. But Skoda could do that successfully and looks forward to a major break in the profitability of the company in the current year. All this makes the company, the one that needs analysis of their policies and their strategies. This paper aims at analysing the company and its marketing strategy that has led it to the success that it is now facing. 4. Strategies of the Company Skoda was formed in the year 1894 in Czechoslovakia with the aim of making bicycles. Subsequently, they moved into manufacturing motor cycles and later cars, trucks and buses. During the early twentieth century, the company started producing agricultural and other farm equipments for the east European market. By now the cars of the company found their way to the markets in the Western Europe and there was quite some market for them in UK. But the UK market always had a joke about Skoda particularly the appearance of Skoda. Skoda did make inroads into the West European market and in America because of its ruggedness and reliability. Though technologically poor, the engine under its hood was powerful enough to keep running even in the worst conditions. That made the machine one of the most reliable ones in the market at that time. This saw the population of Skoda increasing in UK. After World War II, Skoda tied up with Volkswagen for technical collaboration. VW invested in the company and ensured that the basic design of the Skoda remained in the early days but soon replaced by the Volkswagen Design since the technology adopted by VW as superior. This brought another marketing strategy that had to break through the already crowded market in Western Europe and in USA as much as in the rest of the world (William Kimberley Jun 2001). The perception of Skoda as an ugly duckling was slowly changing but still persisted. 'Oh! It's a Skoda'. But then it was as usual thought to be efficient and reliable. Skoda now had to make use of some bold advertising and marketing strategy

Enzymes Catalysts In Biochemical Reactions Biology Essay

Enzymes Catalysts In Biochemical Reactions Biology Essay Introduction Enzymes are resourceful catalysts for biochemical reactions, like all catalysts enzymes tend to speed up reactions. Enzymes use alternative reaction pathway of lower activation energy. They take part in the reaction, and as a result their able to provide alternate pathways. Throughout the reaction enzymes remain unchanged because they cannot experience any permanent changes. Enzymes only have the ability to change the rate of the overall reaction; they cant affect the reactions position of the equilibrium (Rsc). In most cases a chemical catalyst will catalyze any sort of reaction, enzymes differ in this sort. Enzymes tend to be specific, and this is due to the shape of enzymes molecules (Rsc). Enzymes are made up of several proteins in a tertiary structure; these proteins tend to be globular. Many enzymes consist of a protein and a non-protein, called a cofactors and coenzymes. Cofactors are inorganic molecules that bind to enzymes to help them function examples maybe be zinc/magnesium ions (Zn2+, Mn2+), and coenzymes are organic molecules that bind to enzymes to help them function. An example of one of the most important coenzymes is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), this substrate acts as an electron carrier in cellular respiration (Nelson Biology 12). Enzymes consist of active sites, which are parts of the enzyme molecule that have the ideal shape and functional groups to bind to one of the reacting molecules. The reacting molecule that binds to the enzyme is called the substrate. An enzyme-catalyzed reaction takes a different direction than a reaction without catalyst. When the substrate binds to the enzyme a reaction intermediate is produced. This intermediate has lower activation energy than the reaction without the enzyme catalyst (Rsc). There are two kinds of enzyme reactions, catabolic and anabolic. In a catabolic reaction the interactions between the substrate and enzyme causes stress and distorts the bonds in the substrate, allowing bonds to break. In an anabolic reaction the enzyme allows two substrates to have proper orientation to allow bonds to form between them. As a result the activation energy is lowered in both the catabolic and anabolic reaction (Nelson Biology 12). Catalase is a common enzyme found in most plant and animal cells that functions as an oxidative catalyst, it decomposes hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water. Its structure is made of 4 main polypeptide chains, which can each be over 500 amino acids long. Catalase optimum temperature can vary depending on the species; similarly the optimum pH also varies from approximately 4-11. In humans however the optimum pH for catalase tends to be neutral. One molecule of Catalase can break down 40 million molecules of hydrogen peroxide each second (Catalase). The overall reaction is: 2 H2O2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 2 H2O + O2 Many factors such as temperature, pH, inhibition of enzyme activity, substrate and enzyme concentrations can influence the affect the enzyme has on the reaction. As the temperature rises, reacting molecules gain more kinetic energy, as a result the chances of a successful collision increase and thus the rate increases. There is a specific temperature when an enzymes catalytic activity is at its maximum. This optimal temperature is usually around human body temperature (37.5 oC) for the enzymes in human cells (Figure 1). When the temperature increases past the optimal temperature the enzyme becomes agitated, it begins to denature and ultimately lose its overall affect on the reaction (Nelson Biology 12). This occurs because the increase in temperature achieves higher kinetic energy and as a result the intra- and intermolecular bonds are broken in the enzyme molecule (Rsc). Each enzyme works within a fairly small range of pH levels. Similar to temperature there is a pH at which its activity is at its maximum, the optimal pH (Figure 2). This is because changes in pH can create and break intra- and intermolecular bonds, changing the shape of the enzyme and ultimately the rate at which it will react. The rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction depends on the concentrations of enzyme and substrate. As the concentration of either is increased the rate of reaction increases (Figure 3). When substrate concentrations are increased the overall reactions proceeds to increase up to a certain point, at this point the active sites have become saturated by the substrate and there are no further significant changes in the rate of reaction (Figure 4) (Rsc). Some substances reduce or even stop the activity of enzymes in biochemical reactions. They do this by blocking or distorting active sites of enzymes. These substances are referred to as inhibitors. Inhibitors that occupy the active site and prevent a substrate molecule from binding to the enzyme are said to be competitive, as they compete with the substrate for the active site. Inhibitors that attach to other parts of the enzyme molecule, perhaps distorting its shape, are said to be non competitive (Nelson Biology 12). Figure 1: Table 1Analysis Amount of H2O2 (mL) Amount of Distilled Water (mL) Amount of pH Buffer (mL) pH Level Vertical Distance Travelled by Filter Paper Towards Meniscus Time taken by filter paper disc to move to meniscus (s) Upward velocity of Filter Paper Disc (cm/s) 10 mL 5 mL 7 (Control) 8.15 6.6 1.23 10 mL 5 mL 4 8.15 7.05 1.16 10 mL 5 mL 9 8.1 10.4 0.78 10 mL 5 mL 12 7.85 8.14 0.96 Figure 2: Graph 1 Test Tube Temperature ( °C) Distance (cm) Time (s) Rate of Reaction (cm/s) A 10.0 8.00 5.85 1.38 B 21.0 8.00 4.83 1.66 C 35.0 8.00 2.99 2.68 D 50.0 8.00 4.21 1.90 E 80.0 8.00 5.52 1.45 Figure 3: Table 2As the pH increased from 2-7 so did the velocity of the reaction (refer to figure 1: table 1). The reaction had an optimal pH of 7, and as the pH increased after the velocity of the reaction rapidly decreased. Notice the velocity for pH 12 is higher then the velocity of pH 9 (refer to figure 2: graph 1). Figure 4: Graph 2 As the temperature increased from 10oC-30oC so did the rate of the reaction (refer to figure 3: table 2). The reaction had an optimal temperature of 35oC, and as the temperature increased after the rate of the reaction began to rapidly decrease (refer to figure 4: graph 2). Enzyme concentration Distance (cm) Time (s) Rate of Change (cm/s) Other observations 100 % concentration 8 cm 3.02 s 2.65 cm/s bubbles appeared 80 % concentration 8 cm 5.06 s 1.58 cm/s fewer bubbles than previous composition 60 % concentration 8 cm 6.28 s 1.27 cm/s fewer bubbles than previous composition 40% concentration 8 cm 7.5 s 1.07 cm/s fewer bubbles than previous composition Figure 5: Table 320% concentration 8 cm 19.65 s 0.41 cm/s no bubbles appeared Figure 6: Graph 3 Figure 7: Table 4 Figure 6: Graph 3Increasing the concentration of the enzyme catalase (potato juice) rapidly increased enzyme activity (refer to figure 6: graph 3). Concentration of H202 of Distilled Water Trial Time of catalase to travel from the bottom of the test tube to the top (s) Distance of bottom of test tube to substrate(cm) Rate of change of the catalyzed reaction (cm/s) 15 mL of H202 3% 1 5.89 8.0 1.36 2 6.86 8.0 1.17 Total 6.38 8.0 1.27 13 mL of H202 2.6% 1 8.13 8.0 0.98 2 7.11 8.0 1.13 Total 7.62 8.0 1.01 10 mL of H202 2% 1 8.65 8.0 0.87 2 12.8 8.0 0.63 Total 10.73 8.0 0.75 7.5 mL of H202 1.5% 1 9.43 8.0 0.84 2 12.53 8.0 0.64 Total 10.98 8.0 0.74 5 mL of H202 1% 1 10.37 8.0 0.77 2 12.88 8.0 0.62 Total 12.63 8.0 0.70 Figure 9: Table 5 Figure 8: Graph 4Increasing concentrations of the substrate slowly increased from 1% to 2% (refer to figure 8: table 4), then as substrate concentrations increased more the rate of change became more rapid (refer to figure 9: graph 4). Experiment Number Amount of Inhibitor (copper (II) sulphate) (drops) Time taken by enzyme disc to float to top of test tube (s) Distance travelled by enzyme disc to top of test tube(cm) Rate of Change of Enzyme Activity(cm/s) 1 0 4.13 8.0 1.94 2 1 4.68 8.0 1.71 3 5 5.57 8.0 1.44 4 10 6.66 8.0 1.20 5 15 8.57 8.0 0.93 Figure 10: Graph 5 As the amount of copper (II) sulphate increases the overall reactions begins to slow down, and the rate of reaction decreases (refer to figure 10: graph 5). Evaluation Part One: Affects of pH Enzymes are very sensitive to changes in pH, and significant changes in pH can affect enzymes in numerous ways. The effects of pH on enzyme activity are due to changes in the ionic state of the amino acid deposits of the enzyme and the substrate molecules. These variations in charge will affect the binding of the enzyme and as a result, enzyme activity will increase or decrease. Over a tapered pH range these effects will be reversible however high acid levels often cause permanent denaturation of the enzyme (Users.rcn). Before conducting this experiment one can anticipate that pH levels too high or too low would cause the enzyme to denature and thus it would no longer have an affect on the overall reaction. In this experiment 5 pH levels were used 2, 4, 7(control), 9, and 12. When the buffer solution affected the pH levels of the H2O2 from 2 to 4 there was a slight increase in enzyme activity (from 0.47 m/s to 1.16 m/s). There was one control test tube contain ing H2O2 with a neutral pH of 7. This test tube conducted the highest velocity of 1.23 m/s. As a result the optimal pH for the H2O2 was at a neutral pH of 7. When the pH level of the H2O2 increased to 9 the velocity seemed to decrease, which illustrated the loss of the effect of the enzyme. However this trend did not seem to remain consistent because when the pH level was increased to 12 the velocity of the enzyme also increased. As a result, it can be stated that enzymes work best in the region of neutral pH levels, and when pH levels become too high or to low enzyme activity decreases thus the hypothesis proved to be partly correct. Part Two: Affects of Temperature The temperature of the H2O2 can severely affect the overall outcome of a reaction. Like most chemical reactions, enzyme-catalyzed reactions also increase in speed with an increase in temperature. As the temperature of the enzyme increases past a critical point thermal agitation begins to disrupt the protein structure resulting in the denaturation and loss of enzyme function (Nelson Biology 12). The hypothesis for this experiment was similar to that of pH, temperatures too high or too low would cause denaturation of the enzyme and thus it would no longer have an affect on the overall reaction. In this experiment 5 different temperatures were used 10oC, 21oC, 35oC (control), 50oC, and 80oC. When the temperature was decreased to 10oC the rate of the reaction was at it lowest of 1.38 m/s. At 21oC the rate slightly increased to 1.66 m/s. Thus there is a trend of lower temperatures causing the enzyme to lose its overall affect. There was one control test tu be containing H2O2 that was at room temperature which was 35oC. This test tube conducted the highest rate of reactions of 2.68 m/s. As a result the control test tube achieved the optimal temperature. When the temperature of the H2O2 began to increase from 50oC to 80oC there was a trend of the enzyme losing its affect, and having an overall lower rate of reaction. As the temperature increased before the optimal temperature the rate of the reaction increased, and when the temperature continued to increase past the optimal point there was a rapid decrease in the rate of the reaction thus it is evident the hypothesis was correct. Part Three: Affects of Changes in Concentrations The rates of enzyme-catalyzed reactions severely depend on the concentrations of enzymes and substrates. If one person is pushing a car it likely that car will take longer to get to and end point, however if 10 people are pushing that same car it will obviously get to the end point a lot quicker. It is the same with enzyme and substrate concentrations, the higher the concentrations the faster the reaction works. As the enzyme concentration increases so does the number of enzyme molecules, thus more substrate molecules can be acted upon at the same time which means they breakdown a lot faster. As the substrate concentrations increase, the reaction also proceeds to increase however with high levels of substrate concentrations the active sites become saturated and the enzyme no longer has an effect of the reaction (Worthington-biochem). The hypothesis for this experiment was simple, as enzyme and substrate concentrations increase so will the speed of the reactions. When changing the substrate concentrations, the five H2O2 concentrations where 3% (control), 2.6%, 2%, 1.5%, and 1%. The main trend in this experiment was the higher the concentration of the substrate the higher the rate of change. There was a significant and rapid increase in the rate of change from concentrations of 2% to 3%. When changing the enzyme concentrations, the five potato juice concentrations where 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. Changing the concentration of the enzyme had a similar affect to when the substrate concentrations were changed. The more concentrated the enzyme was the higher the rate of the reaction. The rate of the reaction rapidly increased from 20% to 40%, however it became a bit constant from 40% to 80%, and from about 80% to 100% it began to promptly increase again. As a result, it is evident the hypothesis was correct as the concentrations increased so did the reactions. Part Four: Effect of the Inhibitors Inhibitors are used to block active sites of enzymes. They are substances used to slow down, or in some cases stop catalysis. Inhibitors either compete with a substance for the enzymes active site (competitive), or they bind to another site on the enzyme changing its shape (non-competitive) (Nelson Biology 12). Before conducting this experiment one can anticipate the more amount of inhibitor present the slower the reactions will proceed. In this experiment copper (II) sulphate was used as the inhibitor. In the five trials 0, 1, 5, 10, and 15 drops of the copper (II) sulphate were used. The obvious trend was the more inhibitor the lower the rate of reaction. Thus, the hypothesis was correct. Sources of Error Error #1: Consistency of Filter Paper When conducting each individual experiment for many groups it seemed the most difficult task was getting the filter paper to arrive at the bottom of the test tube. When the filter paper was placed in the test tube it would go about half way down the test tube, however because the reaction catalyzed quickly the filter paper would begin to rise and travel back up to the top of the hydrogen peroxide liquid. As a result you would have to perform the experiment again, with a new catalyzed filter paper. This became a source of error because it made it difficult to collect consistent data. For every test tube, and trial the filter paper did not reach the bottom of the test tube at the exact same time. In some cases it would reach the bottom without difficulty, and in other situations it became a constant struggle to push it down the test tube. During certain trials the experiment had to be performed again and the hydrogen peroxide had already lost its affect from the previous catalyzed reac tion. As a result, it is evident that the consistency and rate at which the filter paper travelled down the test tube is a significant source of error. To improve this source of error, heavier and more durable filter paper should be used. One can purchase wet strength filter paper which will make its way down the test tube on its own without any human force. Error # 2: Accuracy of Inhibitor During this experiment it became difficult to get exactly 15 mL of hydrogen peroxide after the inhibitor has been added. Copper (II) Sulphate is a severely small solvent so when added to the hydrogen peroxide one cannot control the amount of liquid present. This occurs because before adding the copper (II) sulphate it is uncertain how much hydrogen peroxide needs to be reduced in order to have exactly 15 mL. This creates a source of error because now the data collected is inconsistent because of the different volumes of hydrogen peroxide. To prevent this source of error one can use a different inhibitor that will dissolve in the hydrogen peroxide and not change its volume. Error # 3: Catalase in Potatoes During the experiment potato juice was constantly being pumped and used as the enzyme to catalyze the reactions. However it was not considered that each potato is harvested in a different way and one potato may have several nutrients, while the other may be completely dead. This results in the difference of concentrations of catalase that was taken from each specific potato. Once again this source of error causes a inconsistency in the collection of data because one cannot be certain they used the same potato, that pumped a constant concentration of catalase throughout the whole experiment. For the purpose of this experiment if only one potato was ground and made into potato juice then catalase concentrations would be consistent and it would eliminate this source of error. Next Steps A similar experiment that could be performed is Saturation Points of Substrate Concentrations. In the current lab saturation was not tested when changing around substrate concentrations. One can test the amount of substrate it would take to saturate the active site on the enzyme, and proceed to evaluate how much more of the enzyme concentration is needed to unsaturate and dissociate the substrates from the active site of the enzyme. Another experiment that could be performed is Affects on Various Enzymes. Instead of just observing the affects of change of pH, temperature, concentrations, and inhibitors on Catalase it can be tested on other enzymes. For example Cellulase, Lactase, and Pepsin.

samurai ethic in modern japan Essay -- essays research papers

Yamamoto, Tsunetomo Bushido: The Way of the Samurai Garden City Park, NY 2002 After reading this book it is my belief that it is important for Westerners to understand the seemingly strange concepts of Bushido, not only as a guide to events of the past, but as a primer for understanding the Japanese business mentality of today. The first thought that comes to mind when Japanese work ethic is hard working, no breaks, complete commitment to ones job. There may be a reason why Japan was able to rebuild their country so quickly after World War II, this reason is Bushido, the principles of the samurai. The origin of this book is from the Hagakure, which this book was based on was dictated by Tsunetomo Yamamoto, a samurai. And later scribed verbatim by Tsuramoto Tashiro over a period of seven years (1710-1716) in which they lived together in a far off mountain retreat in Japan. Tashiro was sworn to secrecy over the texts contents because the author believed the teachings to be far too radical and too militaristic for the then peaceful times during the Shogunate Rule (1603-1867). During this time of unusual calmness, the teachings of Buddhism and the ethical codes of Confucius permeated Japan, enriching every aspect of its culture from arts to politics. But the old samurai, Yamamoto, believed that the samurai, as a class, had become effeminate and weak. Yamamoto's basic premise was that the samurai could not serve two masters, religion and the clan, and by doing so had become less effective. The service of the lord and the clan should come first, and once this was done, one could the n amuse oneself with the studies of the humanities. In writing the Hagakure, Yamamoto hoped that someday the Samurai would return to the purity of its strong and compassionate past.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This book gives a unique look back to the late 18th century, when Yamamoto was active as a samurai. The view is unique, because Japan was unifying and there was less need for each minor lord to have an armed class. The warrior ethic was changing as war became less common. In some way, these notes seem to mourn the passing of the clearest, purest form of that ethic.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The warrior ethic only changed, though and still underlies many aspects of modern Japanese thought and policy. The feudal caste system still gives a fair description of different l... ...ect Bushido would have been something lesser, but none the less still of great importance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This is a book that I have thoroughly enjoyed, and allowed me to dive into the mind of a typical Japanese business man. Yamamoto is a very insightful man indeed, and it is obvious that his life as a samurai has made him appreciate every aspect in life. I can now understand why their work is their highest priority in their lives and why they work so diligently. It’s is amazing to see how a country that has gone through so much has become one of the world leaders in technology, automobiles, and so many other things. Without Bushido, would Japan be in the same position as lets say the Philippines, or Indonesia, or any other country that is now slowly developing? Even though the Japanese economy has been in decline for the past few years, I have very little doubt in my mind that Japan won’t be able to rise up again, with the principles of Bushido laid in as its’ foundation. Bushido is the moral code that has provided Japan with a national identity and work ethic that has guided them through bloody civil wars, Mongol invasions, a world war, and nuclear devastation.

Jim Elliot Essay

Would you give your life for something you believed in? Jim Elliot died trying to bring people to Christ. This might be all you know about this famous martyr, but he didn’t start out as a missionary in Ecuador. Early on in life, Jim’s parents introduced him to many missionaries who sparked his interest in mission work. In college, he became ever more focused on his goal of spreading the Gospel to the world. Finally, he went to the mission field where he began full-time missionary work. Passionate followers of Christ, like Jim Elliot, will give everything they have, including their lives to reach others, just as Christ did for us.Jim Elliot’s mother had concerns about her son’s safety as a missionary in a foreign country, but Jim recalled that the independent way his parents raised him had helped prepare him for this life. His munificent parents let their children go alone on camping trips for days, and sometimes even weeks. Jim learned many skills from the se trips. They encouraged their children to get jobs early in life. Wanting their children to be self-sufficient and independent, they gave them more freedom than most children had. Because of this independence, Jim later felt comfortable going on his own to live in a foreign country.His camping experiences prepared him to be able to live without many conveniences as he did in the jungles of Ecuador. As a young boy, Jim had many advantageous opportunities to interact with missionaries who were just coming back from the mission field. His parents would have them to dinner and Jim would ask them probing questions about their work. It was stated in Jim Elliot: One Great Purpose, â€Å"It was these visits that began to fire his young imagination with the importance and adventure of missionary life† (Benge, 1999, p.17).As Jim grew into adulthood, his life was actively focused on preparing for the mission field. While attending Bible college, Jim learned about becoming a missionary . He attended camps that trained people to be missionaries. During college, Jim kept an informative, detailed journal on interesting facts about missionary life. Later, he began giving speeches to college students. Jim ardently told the students how unfair it was that the United States had more missionaries and Christian resources than any other country.He stated, â€Å"There was one Christian worker for every five hundred people in the United States while the rest of the world averaged one Christian worker for every fifty thousand people† (Benge, 1999, p. 22). Using these facts, Jim hoped to encourage the students to become highly interested in being missionaries outside of the United States. After college, Jim began praying for a committed missionary partner. He reunited with different friends from college who shared his passion. Many of his partners fell through, but finally, after much praying and searching, he found someone devoted and dedicated to partner with.Now that Jim had a partner, he was finally ready to be a full-fledged missionary in Ecuador among the Quichua Indians. During that time, Jim was increasingly focused on his work. He did not even stop for marriage. Finally though, after living in South America for quite a while, he did marry his college sweetheart, Betty Howard, right there in Ecuador. They even had a child there. Jim and Betty lived out the verse in the Bible that says, â€Å"But as for me and my household, we will serve the Lord† (New International Version, Joshua 24:15).While in Ecuador, Jim learned of an isolated tribe called the Aucas; this was a tribe no one had been able to reach with the Gospel because they were so violent. Determined to reach them, Jim Elliot and his resolute partners moved out to a remote location called Palm Beach so they could preach to the vicious tribe. They were only there for a few, short days before Jim and his partners were killed by the very people they were trying to reach. As Jim E lliot was facing death that fateful day, he put his hand on the pocket where he had a gun. He knew he would not use it though.Jim and his partners had made a solemn promise to each other, â€Å"They would not kill those they came to share the gospel with in the name of Jesus Christ† (Benge, 1999, p. 175). What causes a man to be willing to die for a cause? Most people do not set out to die, but people who passionately follow Christ surrender their will to wherever He will lead them. Therefore, they will be obedient to Christ even unto death. Even Jesus prayed, â€Å"O My Father, if it be possible, let this cup pass from Me: nevertheless not as I will, but as You will† (KingJames Version, Matthew 26:39). Jim Elliot developed a passion for Christ early in life. As he grew into a man, his desire to be a missionary became his life focus. When he was finally able to do the Lord’s work in Ecuador, he was willing to give his life to do it. Even though he had a gun on h im, Jim did not use it; this showed that he was truly ready to die for the Lord. There is so much to learn from Jim Elliot’s example, â€Å"He is no fool who gives what he cannot keep to gain what he can not lose† (Elliot, 1958, p. 108).

Analysis of Rudyard Kipling’s “The Bridegroom” Essay

During the First World War, death was a constant threat. Soldiers faced it every day in the trenches, and more succumbed to it. Rudyard Kipling’s Epitaphs of War represents the impact those deaths had across much of the world. â€Å"The Bridegroom† exposes the last thoughts of a dying soldier through an extended metaphor, personification and tone. First of all, the title and first stanza reveal that the speaker, a young soldier, is either dying or already dead. Traditionally, a bridegroom defines a man on his wedding day. In this poem, Kipling personifies the bride as death and therefore the title refers to a man on his last day. The speaker is a soldier fighting in the trenches, writing or at least speaking out to his wife back home. The first stanza initiates the apologetic and sorrowful tone that is used throughout the poem. The soldier asks his wife not to call him â€Å"false† as he rests in other arms. He apologizes to his beloved for abandoning her for a new mistress, death. The arms not only represent death’s embrace, but they also evoke falling to the weapons of the enemy in battle. The stanza also demonstrates that the couple’s marriage is recent as the speaker mentions his wife’s â€Å"scarce-known breast.† The second stanza clearly brings forward the poem’s theme. The soldier mentions his â€Å"more ancient bride,† death. She is qualified as ancient because she has always existed, not only with him but since the beginning of time. He also describes a cold embrace, the word cold working on several levels here. It refers to the deceased and his rigidity, but it also expresses his reluctance to follow death. By calling her â€Å"constant,† Kipling emphasizes the reality of death on the battlefield; she was faithful and always lurked over the soldier. The third stanza describes how the young man escaped from his â€Å"often set marriage† with death through unexplained miracles. We can suppose that he narrowly survived several life-threatening events, thereby cheating death,  which relates back to his â€Å"cheating† on his living marriage. His â€Å"new† marriage is now perceived as â€Å"consummate,† a term which is usually used for unions made complete through the sexual act. This union, however, refers to the soldier’s falling into death’s embrace, finally touching her after a long apprehension and ultimately lying in her bed, his grave. The term â€Å"consummate† can also represent perfection, which, in this marriage refers to the fact that it was meant to be. The last line reinforces the consummation by saying that the union â€Å"cannot be unmade.† Death cannot be unmade; it is a permanent state as the ideal marriage is, but it also returns to the metaphorical bed which will forever remain unmade. In the last stanza, the tone reaches a lull, yet is still filled with sorrow. The speaker urges his wife to â€Å"live,† to move on and allow life to â€Å"cure† her of the painful memory of him. Kipling uses a metaphor to treat memories as a painful disease that can only be cured by time. The soldier expresses fear of being forgotten with the word â€Å"almost.† He wants to be remembered although he mostly desires for his beloved to regain happiness. The final two lines return to a more somber tone as the soldier states he will have to endure the â€Å"immortality† of memories in death. In the end, we can feel the young man has a greater acceptance of his state as he begins using the pronoun â€Å"us† to qualify himself and death. The marriage, having been consummated, as previously stated, they are now one. Immortality is an evocative word, which fits perfectly into the general theme. The soldier is now immortal, fixed in time with his memories and never able to make new ones. The term also refers back to death, which is immortal in its own way. To conclude, Rudyard Kipling’s â€Å"The Bridegroom’ expresses the difficult process associated with death. The various metaphors and personification bring forward the themes in an apologetic, somber tone. The nameless soldier represents all young men who died young unfairly in the trenches, afraid of being disloyal to their countries.